Throughout the history of European modernism, philosophers and artists have been fascinated by madness. Something different happened in Brazil, however, with the "art of the insane" that flourished within the modernist movements there. From the 1920s...

One of the most important avant-garde movements in postwar Paris was Lettrism, which built an interest in the relations between writing and image in poetry, painting, and especially cinema. Highly influential, the Lettrists served as a bridge between...

On October 27, 1960, art critic Pierre Restany named a group of Paris-based artists the "Nouveaux Realistes" (New Realists) in a founding declaration that stated, "The New Realists recognize their collective singularity. New Realism = new perceptual...