Androids in the Enlightenment
Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self
The eighteenth century saw the creation of a number of remarkable mechanical androids: at least ten prominent automata were built between 1735 and 1810 by clockmakers, court mechanics, and other artisans from France, Switzerland, Austria, and the German lands. Designed to perform sophisticated activities such as writing, drawing, or music making, these "Enlightenment automata" have attracted continuous critical attention from the time they were made to the present, often as harbingers of the modern industrial age, an era during which human bodies and souls supposedly became mechanized. In "Androids in the Enlightenment", Adelheid Voskuhl investigates two such automata – both depicting piano-playing women. These automata not only play music, but also move their heads, eyes, and torsos to mimic a sentimental body technique of the eighteenth century: musicians were expected to generate sentiments in themselves while playing, then communicate them to the audience through bodily motions. Voskuhl argues, contrary to much of the subsequent scholarly conversation, that these automata were unique masterpieces that illustrated the sentimental culture of a civil society rather than expressions of anxiety about the mechanization of humans by industrial technology. She demonstrates that only in a later age of industrial factory production did mechanical androids instill the fear that modern selves and societies had become indistinguishable from machines.
About the Author
Adelheid Voskuhl is associate professor in the Department of the History of Science at Harvard University.
Reviews
"This deeply researched study restores Enlightenment automata to their original context of princely courts, protoindustrial craftsmanship, and bourgeois sentiment – and explains how automata later came to stand for industrial machinery, mechanical theories of organic life, and fatally accurate simulacra of human beings in the philosophy and literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Adelheid Voskuhl's panoramic study is a model of how the history of technology can illuminate cultural and intellectual history" – Lorraine Daston, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
"Ingenious androids, mobile machines in the form of humans, are some of the marvels of eighteenth-century engineering. They have become the focus of a remarkable range of scientific, aesthetic, and literary enthusiasm. In this perceptive and highly original study, Adelheid Voskuhl unlocks the workings and meanings of two of the most celebrated of these machines, figures of female musicians now held in museums in Paris and in Switzerland. The book describes the world of the artisans who built these devices and of the performers whose musical artfulness they mimic. This is a fine and persuasive study that enriches our understanding of the pattern of industry and fashion at a key period of the transition to modern society, and opens a fresh perspective on the decisive relations between machinery, passion, and cultural life" – Simon Schaffer, University of Cambridge
"In her focused interpretive study of two famous female automata Adelheid Voskuhl captures the specificity and the tensions of Enlightenment culture. Sharply critical of standard interpretations that make these android automata harbingers of the anxieties of the machine age and industrialization, she places them squarely in the preindustrial period when a few elite workshops of master furniture builders and clockmakers still produced extraordinary show pieces for court society and equipped their mechanical musicians with the sentimental virtues of emerging bourgeois culture. Mechanical virtuosity and expressive sentimentality here play off one another to evoke challenging questions of the human-machine boundary and modern self-identity" – M. Norton Wise, University of California, Los Angeles
"A fine-grained study with a bold argument: that the history of machines and the history of emotions are deeply connected. Adelheid Voskuhl breaks apart hackneyed associations of 'man and machine' by looking at women and machines in the context of music, artisanal industry, and Enlightenment culture. After you spend time with the piano-playing automata featured in this book, you will never see androids in the same way again" – Rosalind Williams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
